This blog is for the open exchange of ideas relating to IBM Systems, storage and storage networking hardware, software and services.(Short URL for this blog: )Tony Pearson is a Master Inventor, Senior IT Architect and Event Content Manager for events. With over 30 years with IBM Systems, Tony is frequent traveler, speaking to clients at events throughout the world.Tony is author of the Inside System Storage, available on! Order your copies today!You can follow Tony on twitter and LinkedIn.Christopher Vollmar is a Storage Architect supporting customers in Canada and the Caribbean.

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He is a Certified Consulting IT Specialist and a Design Thinking practitioner. He has also been a contributing author to the the and the both are IBM Redpaper publications. You can follow Chris on twitter and LinkedIn.Lloyd Dean is an IBM Senior Certified Executive IT Architect in Infrastructure Architecture. Lloyd has held numerous senior technical roles at IBM during his 19 plus years at IBM. Lloyd most recently has been leading efforts across the Communication/CSI Market as a senior Storage Solution Architect/CTS covering the Kansas City territory. In prior years Lloyd supported the industry accounts as a Storage Solution architect and prior to that as a Storage Software Solutions specialist during his time in the ATS organization.Lloyd currently supports North America storage sales teams in his Storage Software Solution Architecture SME role in the Washington Systems Center team. His current focus is with IBM Cloud Private and he will be delivering and supporting sessions at Think2019, and Storage Technical University on the Value of IBM storage in this high value IBM solution a part of the IBM Cloud strategy.

Lloyd maintains a Subject Matter Expert status across the IBM Spectrum Storage Software solutions. You can follow Lloyd on Twitter and LinkedIn.Tony Pearson's books are available on! Order your copies today!Featured Redbooks and Redpapers:. Disclaimer'The postings on this site solely reflect the personal views of each author and do not necessarily represent the views, positions, strategies or opinions of IBM or IBM management.' (c) Copyright Tony Pearson and IBM Corporation.All postings are written by Tony Pearson unless noted otherwise.Tony Pearson is employed by IBM.

Mentions of IBM Products, solutions or services might be deemed as 'paidendorsements' or 'celebrity endorsements' by the US Federal Trade Commission.This blog complies with the, andIBM Social Brand Governance. This blog is admistered by Tony Pearson and Sarochin Tollette.Safe Harbor Statement: The information on IBM products is intended to outline IBM's general product direction and it should not be relied on in making a purchasing decision. The information on the new products is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into any contract.

The information on IBM products is not a commitment, promise, or legal obligation to deliver any material, code, or functionality. For the longest time, people thought that humans could not run a mile in less than four minutes. Then, in 1954beat that perception, and shortly thereafter, once he showed it was possible, many other runners were able to achieve this also. The same is being said now about the IBM Watson computer which appeared this week against two human contestants on Jeopardy!( 2014 Update: A lot has happened since I originally wrote this blog post! I intended this as a fun project for college students to work on during their summer break. However, IBM is concerned that some businesses might be led to believe they could simply stand up their own systems based entirely on open source and internally developed code for business use. IBM recommends instead the which packages much of the software described below.

IBM has also launched a new 'Watson Group' that has capabilities in the Cloud. To raise awareness to these developments, IBM has asked me to rename this post from IBM Watson - How to build your own 'Watson Jr.' In your basement to the new title IBM Watson - How to replicate Watson hardware and systems design for your own use in your basement. I also took this opportunity to improve the formatting layout.). Often, when a company demonstrates new techology, these are prototypes not yet ready for commercial deployment until several years later.

IBM Watson, however, was made mostly from commercially available hardware, software and information resources. As several have noted, the 1TB of data used to search for answers could fit on a single USB drive that you buy at your local computer store.But could you fit an entire Watson in your basement? The IBM Power 750 servers used in IBM Watson earned the rating, and is substantially. However, having ninety of them in your basement would drive up your energy bill. That got me thinking, would it be possible to build your own question-answering system, something less fancy, less sophisticated, scaled-down for personal use? John Pultorak explained. Jay Shafer explains.

And a 17-year-old George Hotz figured out a over the summer in his basement.It turns out that much of the inner workings of IBM Watson were written in a series of articles in. You can also read the. Eric Brown from IBM Research will be presenting 'Jeopardy: Under the Hood of IBM Watson Supercomputer' at next month's.Take a look at the to determine how the project was organized. Let's decide what we need, and what we don't in our version for personal use:Role:Do we need it for personal use?Team LeadYes, That's you. Assuming this is a one-person project, you will act as Team Lead.AlgorithmsYes, I hope you know computer programming!Game StrategyNo, since this version for personal use won't be appearing on Jeopardy, we won't need strategy on wager amounts for the Daily Double, or what clues to pick next.

Let's focus merely on a computer that can accept a question in text, and provide an answer back, in text.SystemsYes, this team focused on how to wire all the hardware together. We need to do that, although this version for personal use will have fewer components.Speech SynthesisOptional. For now, let's have this version for personal use just return its answer in plain text.

Consider this Extra Credit after you get the rest of the system working. Consider using , , or the Modular Architecture for Research on speech sYnthesis Text-to-Speech synthesizers.AnnotationsYes, I will explain what this is, and why you need it.Information SourcesYes, we will need to get information for personal use to processQuestion ParsingYes, this team developed a system for parsing the question being asked, and to attach meaning to the different words involved.Search OptimizationNo, this team focused on making IBM Watson optimized to answer in 3 seconds or less. We can accept a slower response, so we can skip this.Project ManagementYes, even for a one-person project, having a little 'project management' never hurt anyone. I highly recommend the book by.( Disclaimer: As with any Do-It-Yourself (DIY) project, I am not responsible if you are not happy with your version for personal use I am basing the approach on what I read from publicly available sources, and my work in Linux, supercomputers, XIV, and SONAS.

For our purposes, this version for personal use is based entirely on commodity hardware, open source software, and publicly available sources of information. Your implementation will certainly not be as fast or as clever as the IBM Watson you saw on television.) Step 1: Buy the Hardware. Supercomputers are built as a cluster of identical compute servers lashed together by a network. You will be installing Linux on them, so if you can avoid paying extra for Microsoft Windows, that would save you some money. Here is your shopping list:.Three x86 hosts, with the following:.64-bit quad-core processor, either Intel-VT or AMD-V capable,.8GB of DRAM, or larger.300GB of hard disk, or larger.CD or DVD Read/Write drive.1GbE Ethernet.Computer Monitor, mouse and keyboard.Ethernet 1GbE 4-port hub, and appropriate RJ45 cables.Surge protector and Power strip.Local Console Monitor (LCM) 4-port switch (formerly known as a KVM switch) and appropriate cables.

This is optional, but will make it easier during the development. Once your implementation is operational, you will only need the monitor and keyboard attached to one machine. The other two machines can remain 'headless' servers. Step 2: Establish NetworkingIBM Watson used Juniper switches running at 10Gbps Ethernet (10GbE) speeds, but was not connected to the Internet while playing Jeopardy!

Instead, these Ethernet links were for the POWER7 servers to talk to each other, and to access files over the Network File System (NFS) protocol to the internal customized SONAS storage I/O nodes.The implementation will be able to run 'disconnected from the Internet' as well. However, you will need Internet access to download the code and information sources. For our purposes, 1GbE should be sufficient. New home hf2022 manual.

Connect your Ethernet hub to your DSL or Cable modem. Connect all three hosts to the Ethernet switch. Connect your keyboard, video monitor and mouse to the LCM, and connect the LCM to the three hosts. Step 3: Install Linux and MiddlewareTo say I use Linux on a daily basis is an understatement.

Linux runs on my Android-based cell phone, my laptop at work, my personal computers at home, most of our IBM storage devices from SAN Volume Controller to XIV to SONAS, and even on my Tivo at home which recorded my televised episodes of Jeopardy!For this project, you can use any modern Linux distribution that supports KVM. IBM Watson used Novel SUSE Linux Enterprise Server.

Alternatively, I can also recommend either Red Hat Enterprise Linux or Canonical. Each distribution of Linux comes in different orientations. Download the the 64-bit 'ISO' files for each version, and burn them to CDs.Graphical User Interface (GUI) oriented, often referred to as 'Desktop' or 'HPC-Head'.Command Line Interface (CLI) oriented, often referred to as 'Server' or 'HPC-Compute'.Guest OS oriented, to run in a Hypervisor such as KVM, Xen, or VMware. Novell calls theirs 'Just Enough Operating System'.For this version for personal use, I have chosen a , sometimes referred to as an 'n-tier' or 'client/server' architecture. Host 1 - Presentation ServerFor the Human-Computer Interface , the IBM Watson received categories and clues as text files via TCP/IP, had a representing a planet with 42 circles streaking across in orbit, and text-to-speech synthesizer to respond in a computerized voice.

Your implementation will not be this sophisticated. Instead, we will have a simple text-based Query Panel web interface accessible from a browser like Mozilla Firefox.Host 1 will be your Presentation Server, the connection to your keyboard, video monitor and mouse. Install the 'Desktop' or 'HPC Head Node' version of Linux. Install to run the Query Panel. Host 1 will also be your 'programming' host. Install the and the.

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If you always wanted to learn Java, now is your chance. There are plenty of books on Java if that is not the language you normally write code.While three little systems doesn't constitute an 'Extreme Cloud' environment, you might like to try out the 'Extreme Cloud Administration Tool', called , which was used to manage the many servers in IBM Watson.

Host 2 - Business Logic ServerHost 2 will be driving most of the 'thinking'. Install the 'Server' or 'HPC Compute Node' version of Linux. This will be running a server virtualization Hypervisor. I recommend KVM, but you can probably run Xen or VMware instead if you like. Host 3 - File and Database ServerHost 3 will hold your information sources, indices, and databases. Install the 'Server' or 'HPC Compute Node' version of Linux.

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This will be your NFS server, which might come up as a question during the installation process.Technically, you could run different Linux distributions on different machines. For example, you could run 'Ubuntu Desktop' for host 1, 'RHEL 6 Server' for host 2, and 'SLES 11' for host 3. In general, Red Hat tries to be the best 'Server' platform, and Novell tries to make SLES be the best 'Guest OS'.My advice is to pick a single distribution and use it for everything, Desktop, Server, and Guest OS. If you are new to Linux, choose Ubuntu.

There are plenty of books on Linux in general, and Ubuntu in particular, and Ubuntu has a helpful community of volunteers to answer your questions. Step 4: Download Information SourcesYou will need some documents for your implementation to process.IBM Watson used a modified SONAS to provide a highly-available clustered NFS server. For this version, we won't need that level of sophistication. Configure Host 3 as the NFS server, and Hosts 1 and 2 as NFS clients. See the for details. To optimize performance, host 3 will be the 'official master copy', but we will use a Linux utility called rsync to copy the information sources over to the hosts 1 and 2. This allows the task engines on those hosts to access local disk resources during question-answer processing.We will also need a relational database.

You won't need a high-powered IBM DB2. Your implementation can do fine with something like which is the open source version of IBM CloudScape from its Informix acquisition. Set up Host 3 as the Derby Network Server, and Hosts 1 and 2 as Derby Network Clients.

For more about structured content in relational databases, see my post.Linux includes a utility called wget which allows you to download content from the Internet to your system. What documents you decide to download is up to you, based on what types of questions you want answered. For example, if you like Literature, check out the vast resources at. You can automate the download by writing a shell script or program to invoke wget to all the places you want to fetch data from. Rename the downloaded files to something unique, as often they are just 'index.html'. For more on wget utility, see. Step 5: The Query Panel - Parsing the Question.

Next, we need to parse the question and have some sense of what is being asked for. For this we will use for Natural Language Processing, and for the conceptual logic reasoning. See Doug Lenat presenting this 75-minute video. To learn more, see the.Unlike Jeopardy!

Where Alex Trebek provides the answer and contestants must respond with the correct question, we will do normal Question-and-Answer processing. To keep things simple, we will limit questions to the following formats:.Who is.?.Where is.?.When did. Happen?.What is.?.Which.?Host 1 will have a simple Query Panel web interface. At the top, a place to enter your question, and a 'submit' button, and a place at the bottom for the answer to be shown. When 'submit' is pressed, this will pass the question to 'main.jsp', the Java servlet program that will start the Question-answering analysis. Limiting the types of questions that can be posed will simplify hypothesis generation, reduce the candidate set and evidence evaluation, allowing the analytics processing to continue in reasonable time.

Step 6: Unstructured Information Management ArchitectureThe 'heart and soul' of IBM Watson is Unstructured Information Management Architecture. IBM developed this, then made it available to the world as open source. It is maintained by the , and overseen by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards.Basically, UIMA lets you scan unstructured documents, gleam the important points, and put that into a database for later retrieval.

In the graph above, DBs means 'databases' and KBs means 'knowledge bases'. See the 4-minute YouTube video of , the commercial version of UIMA.Starting from the left, the Collection Reader selects each document to process, and creates an empty Common Analysis Structure (CAS) which serves as a standardized container for information. This CAS is passed to Analysis Engines, composed of one or more Annotators which analyze the text and fill the CAS with the information found.

The CAS are passed to CAS Consumers which do something with the information found, such as enter an entry into a database, update an index, or update a vote count.( Note: This point requires, what we in the industry call a small matter of programming, or. If you've always wanted to learn Java programming, XML, and JDBC, you will get to do plenty here. )If you are not familiar with UIMA, consider this. Step 7: Parallel ProcessingPeople have asked me why IBM Watson is so big. Did we really need 2,880 cores of processing power? As a supercomputer, the 80 TeraFLOPs of IBM Watson would place it only in 94th place on the. While IBM Watson may be the , the most powerful supercomputer at this time is the Tianhe-1A with more than 186,000 cores, capable of 2,566 TeraFLOPs.To determine how big IBM Watson needed to be, the IBM Research team ran the DeepQA algorithm on a single core.

It took 2 hours to answer a single Jeopardy question! Let's look at the performance data:ElementNumber of coresTime to answer one Jeopardy questionSingle core12 hoursSingle IBM Power750 server32. George OrwellWell, it has been over two years since I first covered IBM's acquisition of the XIV company. Amazingly, I still see a lot of misperceptions out in the blogosphere, especially those regarding double drive failures for the XIV storage system.

Despite various attempts to and to , there are still competitors making stuff up, putting fear, uncertainty and doubt into the minds of prospective XIV clients.Clients love the IBM XIV storage system! In this economy, companies are not stupid. Before buying any enterprise-class disk system, they ask the tough questions, run evaluation tests, and all the other due diligence often referred to as 'kicking the tires'. Here is what some IBM clients have said about their XIV systems:“3-5 minutes vs.

8-10 hours rebuild time.”. In this blog post, I hope to set the record straight. It is not my intent to embarrass anyone in particular, so instead will focus on a fact-based approach.Fact: IBM has sold THOUSANDS of XIV systemsXIV is 'proven' technology with thousands of XIV systems in company data centers. And by systems, I mean full disk systems with 6 to 15 modules in a single rack, twelve drives per module. That equates to hundreds of thousands of disk drives in production TODAY, comparable to the number of disk drives studied by , and that I discussed in my blog post.Fact: To date, no customer has lost data as a result of a Double Drive Failure on XIV storage systemThis has always been true, both when XIV was a stand-alone company and since the IBM acquisition two years ago. When examining the resilience of an array to any single or multiple component failures, it's important to understand the architecture and the design of the system and not assume all systems are alike.

At it's core, XIV is a grid-based storage system. IBM XIV does not use traditional RAID-5 or RAID-10 method, but instead data is distributed across loosely connected data modules which act as independent building blocks. XIV divides each LUN into 1MB 'chunks', and stores two copies of each chunk on separate drives in separate modules.

We call this 'RAID-X'.Spreading all the data across many drives is not unique to XIV. Many disk systems, including EMC CLARiiON-based V-Max, HP EVA, and Hitachi Data Systems (HDS) USP-V, allow customers to get XIV-like performance by spreading LUNs across multiple RAID ranks. This is known in the industry as 'wide-striping'. Some vendors use the terms 'metavolumes' or 'extent pools' to refer to their implementations of wide-striping. Clients have coined their own phrases, such as 'stripes across stripes', 'plaid stripes', or 'RAID 500'.

It is highly unlikely that an XIV will experience a double drive failure that ultimately requires recovery of files or LUNs, and is substantially less vulnerable to data loss than an EVA, USP-V or V-Max configured in RAID-5. Fellow blogger Keith Stevenson (IBM) compared XIV's RAID-X design to other forms of RAID in his post.Fact: IBM XIV is designed to minimize the likelihood and impact of a double drive failureThe independent failure of two drives is a rare occurrence. More data has been lost from hash collisions on EMC Centera than from double drive failures on XIV, and hash collisions are also very rare. While the published worst-case time to re-protect from a 1TB drive failure for a fully-configured XIV is 30 minutes, field experience shows XIV regaining full redundancy on average in 12 minutes.

That is 40 times less likely than a typical 8-10 hour window for a RAID-5 configuration.A lot of bad things can happen in those 8-10 hours of traditional RAID rebuild. Performance can be seriously degraded.

Other components may be affected, as they share cache, connected to the same backplane or bus, or co-dependent in some other manner. An engineer supporting the customer onsite during a RAID-5 rebuild might pull the wrong drive, thereby causing a double drive failure they were hoping to avoid. Having IBM XIV rebuild in only a few minutes addresses this 'human factor'.In his post , fellow blogger Jim Kelly (IBM) covers a variety of reasons why storage admins feel double drive failures are more than just random chance.

XIV avoids load stress normally associated with traditional RAID rebuild by evenly spreading out the workload across all drives. This is known in the industry as 'wear-leveling'. When the first drive fails, the recovery is spread across the remaining 179 drives, so that each drive only processes about 1 percent of the data. The 1TB SATA disk drives that IBM uses from HGST have specified 1.2 million hours mean -tim e-be twee n-fa ilur es would average about one drive failing every nine months in a 180-drive XIV system. However, field experience shows that an XIV system will experience, on average, one drive failure per 13 months, comparable to what companies experience with more robust Fibre Channel drives.

That's innovative XIV wear-leveling at work!Fact: In the highly unlikely event that a DDF were to occur, you will have full read/write access to nearly all of your data on the XIV, all but a few GB.Even though it has NEVER happened in the field, some clients and prospects are curious what a double drive failure on an XIV would look like. First, a critical alert message would be sent to both the client and IBM, and a 'union list' is generated, identifying all the chunks in common. The worst case on a 15-module XIV fully loaded with 79TB data is approximately 9000 chunks, or 9GB of data. The remaining 78.991 TB of unaffected data are fully accessible for read or write. Any I/O requests for the chunks in the 'union list' will have no response yet, so there is no way for host applications to access outdated information or cause any corruption.(One blogger compared losing data on the XIV to drilling a hole through the phone book.

Mathematically, the drill bit would be only 1/16th of an inch, or 1.60 millimeters for you folks outside the USA. Enough to knock out perhaps one character from a name or phone number on each page.

If you have ever seen an actor in the movies look up a phone number in a telephone booth then yank out a page from the phone book, the XIV equivalent would be cutting out 1/8th of a page from an 1100 page phone book. In both cases, all of the rest of the unaffected information is full accessible, and it is easy to identify which information is missing.)If the second drive failed several minutes after the first drive, the process for full redundancy is already well under way. This means the union list is considerably shorter or completely empty, and substantially fewer chunks are impacted. Contrast this with RAID-5, where being 99 percent complete on the rebuild when the second drive fails is just as catastrophic as having both drives fail simultaneously.Fact: After a DDF event, the files on these few GB can be identified for recovery.Once IBM receives notification of a critical event, an IBM engineer immediately connects to the XIV using remote service support method. There is no need to send someone physically onsite, the repair actions can be done remotely. The IBM engineer has tools from HGST to recover, in most cases, all of the data.Any 'union' chunk that the HGST tools are unable to recover will be set to 'media error' mode.

The IBM engineer can provide the client a list of the XIV LUNs and LBAs that are on the 'media error' list. From this list, the client can determine which hosts these LUNs are attached to, and run file scan utility to the file systems that these LUNs represent. Files that get a media error during this scan will be listed as needing recovery. A chunk could contain several small files, or the chunk could be just part of a large file.

To minimize time, the scans and recoveries can all be prioritized and performed in parallel across host systems zoned to these LUNs.As with any file or volume recovery, keep in mind that these might be part of a larger consistency group, and that your recovery procedures should make sense for the applications involved. In any case, you are probably going to be up-and-running in less time with XIV than recovery from a RAID-5 double failure would take, and certainly nowhere near 'beyond repair' that other vendors might have you believe.Fact: This does not mean you can eliminate all Disaster Recovery planning!To put this in perspective, you are more likely to lose XIV data from an earthquake, hurricane, fire or flood than from a double drive failure. As with any unlikely disaster, it is best to have a disaster recovery plan than to hope it never happens. All disk systems that sit on a single datacenter floor are vulnerable to such disasters.For mission-critical applications, IBM recommends using disk mirroring capability.

IBM XIV storage system offers synchronous and asynchronous mirroring natively, both included at no additional charge.For more about IBM XIV reliability, read this whitepaper. To find out why so many clients LOVE their XIV, contact your local IBM storage sales rep or IBM Business Partner.technorati tags:,Tags. A client asked me to explain 'Nearline storage' to them.

This was easy, I thought, as I started my IBM career on DFHSM, now known as DFSMShsm for z/OS, which was created in 1977 to support the IBM 3850 Mass Storage System (MSS), a virtual storage system that blended disk drives and tape cartridges with robotic automation. Here is a quick recap:. Online storage is immediately available for I/O. This includes DRAM memory, solid-state drives (SSD), and always-on spinning disk, regardless of rotational speed.

Nearline storage is not immediately available, but can be made online quickly without human intervention. This includes optical jukeboxes, automated tape libraries, as well as spin-down massive array of idle disk (MAID) technologies. Offline storage is not immediately available, and requires some human intervention to bring online.

This can include USB memory sticks, CD/DVD optical media, shelf-resident tape cartridges, or other removable media.These terms and their definitions have been used for decades, and are consistent with or at least similar to definitions I found on , , , and.Sadly, it appears a few storage manufacturers and vendors have been misusing the term 'Nearline' to refer to 'slower online' spinning disk drives. I find this , and this , the latter of which included this contradiction for their 'NearStore' disk array.

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